Is the Philippines Getting a Firm Grip on Climate Change?

The report “Getting a Grip on Climate Change in the Philippines” is a comprehensive document on the impacts of climate change on the Philippines and the implementation of the climate agenda.

The report is a narrative of the review that the World Bank, the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), and the Climate Change Commission (CCC) conducted to assess gaps and accelerate the implementation of the climate agenda.

It presents the Philippine government’s challenges in integrating climate change into its policies, funding, implementation, and the framework for monitoring and evaluating success or gaps in climate activities.

Through the DBM and CCC, the Philippine government consulted with the World Bank to conduct the Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR).

Between February 2012 and March 2013, the CPEIR sought to identify innovations in policy, institutions, and financing of climate action, along with achievements, limitations and disconnects in the current approaches to addressing climate issues and policy (Getting A Grip, 2013).

The review produced recommendations and guidance, particularly on policy innovation and finance of climate action. The report says the World Bank has recommended a finance reform that will increase transparency and accountability in public climate financing, among other recommendations.

We have taken some notes from the World Bank CPEIR report, which provides a comprehensive review of the Philippines’ climate initiative.

The vulnerability of the Philippines to climate change and climate hazards

Global climate change is taking its toll on the Philippines – the third most vulnerable country to sea-level rise and extreme weather events by location, climate, and topography. The country is exposed to climate hazards like typhoons, floods, landslides, and droughts. Sixteen of its provinces belong to Southeast Asia’s top 50 most vulnerable regions.

The report points out who will be the most impacted by climate change:

• The poorest are those living in coastal areas and the urban population, particularly flooding, because of a less secure infrastructure. Climate change will reduce access to clean water, and the lack of health insurance will make matters worse.
• Agricultural productivity will decline due to climate-related events, and diminishing yields in fishery activities will result from warming oceans and acidification of coral reefs.

Other factors that will exacerbate the impacts of climate change are rapid environmental deterioration, unsustainable agriculture and fishing practices, and population growth.

The urgency to implement climate reforms and actions

According to the report, there is an urgency to implement climate reforms because of these vulnerabilities. It will reduce risks to the country’s future development plans while contributing to broader development goals.

For example, investing in and promoting renewable sources will lower energy costs and increase energy security. These climate adaptation measures will benefit the environment and the resources it provides.

The report also shows the government’s emphasis on adaptation and consolidating it with its disaster risk reduction program.

The report claims that implementing Climate Change Action and Integrating it into Government policies presents a massive challenge.

According to the report, the Philippine government promulgated the Climate Change Act in 2009 to integrate climate change into its national and local policy formulation and development.

This law created the Climate Change Commission (CCC) to formulate the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP). The report says the latter serves as the roadmap to climate action at all government levels.

The report mentions some of the challenges that the Philippine government is facing in integrating and implementing climate change actions:

• “Climate policy reform efforts are only partially aligned with development plan outcomes, thereby limiting effectiveness”. The report says that a climate activity in one policy or plan may not be considered as such in another. This makes monitoring and coordinating climate activities across all government departments and levels challenging.
• Government institutions have no clear roles and responsibilities in implementing and coordinating climate actions.
• There is a lack of institutional capacity, knowledge, management, and monitoring and evaluation for the success of climate change activities.
• At the local level, developing climate change plans adds to its other pressing developmental needs.
• Information and knowledge are needed at the national and local levels for capacity building.

Is there enough climate financing from the government and development partners?

According to the report, funding for climate change projects has increased despite the challenges in implementing and coordinating climate activities.

Government financing for prioritised activities and projects has increased. External funding from development partners has supported flood control projects that the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) managed.

The climate budget has increased, reflecting deep concern for climate change. From 2008 to 2012, it increased from Php 12 billion to Php 35 billion, 1.9 percent of the national budget. It has grown yearly since to 26 per cent annually.

These funding appropriations go to the government’s investments in flood control, the national greening program, electric vehicle projects in 2012, the Philippine Rice Research Institute, and other smaller projects, such as promoting organic agriculture.

Are funds for climate projects being used?

Although the climate budget has significantly increased, the government’s public investment fund still shows financing gaps and inadequacies, according to the World Bank report. The government’s General Appropriations Act (GAA) revealed that appropriations for some projects had not been used or secured.

For example, the report claims that significant funding pledges in the agriculture and fishery sectors, the energy sector with the renewable energy project, and the environment and natural resource sector were not ‘mobilised’.

Other minor activities, like ecosystem stability, water security, research on climate-resilient crop varieties, and a climate database, were not funded.

“Local Government Units are action-oriented, but available funding sources are fragmented, and their available amounts are limited.”

The report says that the local government units (LGUs) are the most vulnerable to climate change impacts yet have the least capacity to provide support under the current revenue-sharing arrangement.

Seventy per cent of its income is from the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), a direct transfer of funds from the national government.

• Funding climate change action is challenging because financial sources have different rules and eligibility criteria, making it hard for the LGUs to mobilise and monitor resources.  
• Climate projects and activities compete with the existing development burdens and challenges that the LGUs face, such as high poverty levels and environmental deterioration, which have become their priorities. 
• The report says that the Local Government Code explicitly states that the Local Development Fund should be used in the Local Development Plans.

Funds for Climate Mitigation are also increasing.

Since 2008, climate appropriations have focused on climate adaptation measures, but mitigation allocation has gradually increased. The report also notes that despite increases to the National Calamity Fund, most is spent on response, recovery, and rehabilitation instead of disaster prevention.

Climate change and how the country tackles the problem through its policies, budgeting, and implementation present a considerable challenge to the government, which already faces many issues.

What the CPEIR recommends

Below are brief outlines of the recommendations and action plans to result from the Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR), a joint exercise conducted by the World Bank and critical sectors of the Philippine government.

1. Strengthening the planning, execution and financing frameworks for climate change. No single mechanism exists to unify climate change activities into its policy and financing methods. Tagging climate activities and programs to identify them in the budget and management process is one way to integrate them into the government’s existing policies and budget.
2. Enhancing accountability through monitoring, evaluating, and reviewing climate change policies and activities.
3. Building capacity and managing change.

The report serves as a benchmark and basis for climate change actions in the Philippines. It presents the country’s fiscal and policy situation and the challenges it faces in integrating and implementing the climate change agenda into its various government levels and departments.

What are the underlying challenges the Philippines is facing

While we cannot come up with conclusive thoughts based merely on the report cited here, and considering the possible developments that might have transpired since 2013 when the report came out, we can only posit some questions.

What and how do the prevailing bureaucracy in the Philippines and the often complicated administrative procedures in most levels of government, the government departments having their policies and procedures, affect the integration, funding, and implementation of climate change?

How will any city, province, or barangay (village) improve the implementation of climate adaptation and mitigation programs amidst the alleged culture of corruption in the government?

The success or failure of a policy or reform depends on the current elected officials and their appointed cabinet or administrative officials. Misallocation and misuse of government funds by elected public officials are daily news and knowledge in the Philippines (“High-profile Philippines Senator,” 2014).

It is worth noting that this report was published in June 2013, five months before Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines in November 2013.

Despite the Climate Change Act of 2009, the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP), and the Disaster Risk Reduction program, the national government relief and rehabilitation efforts and continuing program after the Typhoon Yolanda disaster have been criticised as slow and unsatisfactory (“Typhoon Haiyan,” n.d., “Criticism of government response”).

From an observer’s point of view, implementing the climate agenda is daunting because of the state of government and its reported hardships in managing disasters and calamities. Nevertheless, national, provincial, and city leaders are rising to critical occasions, either on a per-climate change event basis or on long-term sustainable climate programs.

Perhaps continuing education and exposure to organisations from other countries and cultures that exemplify good governance, people empowerment, economy, and infrastructure management are significantly needed.

The Philippines has many resources, capabilities, and the best potential to get a firm grip on climate change.

PHOTO CREDITS:

Header background image: Boracay Grotto, Philippines by Karl Hipolito

Featured image: Philippine Sights by Jade Jarbadan